Summary: Vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated proteins (VAPs) are highly conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins that establish ER contacts with multiple membrane compartments in many eukaryotes. However. VAP-mediated membrane-tethering mechanisms remain ambiguous. Here. https://www.cuttingedgecutleryco.shop/product-category/handcuff-key/